Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "{{#switch:{{{symbol|}}} <!--- Period 1 ---> | H={{#switch:{{{format|}}} |main=−1, +1 |complete|complete_no_comment|#default={{resize|1=112%|2='''−1'''}}, {{resize|1=112%|2...") |
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| Li={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Li={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+1 | |main=+1 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default={{resize|1=112%|2='''+1'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=strongly basic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=0<ref>Li(0) atoms have been observed in various small lithium-chloride [[Atom cluster|clusters]]; see {{cite journal |first1=Milan |last1=Milovanović |first2=Suzana |last2=Veličković |first3=Filip |last3=Veljkovićb |first4=Stanka |last4=Jerosimić |title=Structure and stability of small lithium-chloride Li<sub>n</sub>Cl<sub>m</sub><sup>(0,1+)</sup> (n ≥ m, n = 1–6, m = 1–3) clusters |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |issue=45 |date=October 30, 2017 |doi=10.1039/C7CP04181K |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/cp/c7cp04181k}}</ref>, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+1'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=strongly basic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| Na={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Na={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+1 | |main=+1 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−1, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+1'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=strongly basic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−1, 0,<ref>The compound [[NaCl]] has been shown in experiments to exists in several unusual [[stoichiometry|stoichiometries]] under high pressure, including Na<sub>3</sub>Cl in which contains a layer of sodium(0) atoms; see {{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=W. |last2=Oganov |first2=A. R. |last3=Goncharov |first3=A. F. |last4=Zhu |first4=Q. |last5=Boulfelfel |first5=S. E. |last6=Lyakhov |first6=A. O. |last7=Stavrou |first7=E. |last8=Somayazulu |first8=M. |last9=Prakapenka |first9=V. B. |last10=Konôpková |first10=Z. |year=2013 |title=Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6165 |pages=1502–1505 |arxiv=1310.7674 |bibcode=2013Sci...342.1502Z |doi=10.1126/science.1244989 |pmid=24357316|s2cid=15298372}}</ref> {{resize|1=112%|2='''+1'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=strongly basic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| Al={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Al={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+3 | |main=+3 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−2, −1, +1,<ref>{{cite journal| title = Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions|author1=Dohmeier, C. |author2=Loos, D. |author3=Schnöckel, H. | journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition | year =1996| volume =35|issue=2 | pages =129–149| doi =10.1002/anie.199601291}}</ref> +2,<ref>{{cite journal| author = D. C. Tyte | title = Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide| doi = 10.1038/202383a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 202| issue = 4930 | year = 1964| page = 383 | bibcode=1964Natur.202..383T| s2cid = 4163250}}</ref> {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−2, −1, 0,<ref>Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of [[Trimethylaluminum|Al<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]] with carbon monoxide; see {{cite journal |first1=Ramiro |last1=Sanchez |first2=Caleb |last2=Arrington |first3=C. A. |last3=Arrington Jr. |title=Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes |journal=American Chemical Society |volume=111 |issue=25 |date=December 1, 1989 |page=9110-9111 |doi=10.1021/ja00207a023 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6973516-reaction-trimethylaluminum-carbon-monoxide-low-temperature-matrices}}</ref> +1,<ref>{{cite journal| title = Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions|author1=Dohmeier, C. |author2=Loos, D. |author3=Schnöckel, H. | journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition | year =1996| volume =35|issue=2 | pages =129–149| doi =10.1002/anie.199601291}}</ref> +2,<ref>{{cite journal| author = D. C. Tyte | title = Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide| doi = 10.1038/202383a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 202| issue = 4930 | year = 1964| page = 383 | bibcode=1964Natur.202..383T| s2cid = 4163250}}</ref> {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 184: | Line 184: | ||
| Br={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Br={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=−1, +1, +3, +5 | |main=−1, +1, +3, +5 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default={{resize|1=112%|2='''−1'''}}, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+1'''}}, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}}, +4, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+5'''}}, +7 {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=strongly acidic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default={{resize|1=112%|2='''−1'''}}, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+1'''}}, 2,<ref>Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide [[Radical (chemistry)|radical]]; see [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100382a032 Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical + bromine monoxide radical reaction]</ref> {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}}, +4, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+5'''}}, +7 {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=strongly acidic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 235: | Line 235: | ||
| Rh={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Rh={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+3 | |main=+3 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−3<ref>Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51.</ref>, −1, 0, +1,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openmopac.net/data_normal/rhfr_jmol.html|title=Rhodium: rhodium(I) fluoride compound data|access-date=2007-12-10|publisher=OpenMOPAC.net}}</ref> +2, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}}, +4, +5, +6 {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−3<ref>Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51.</ref>, −1, 0, +1,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openmopac.net/data_normal/rhfr_jmol.html|title=Rhodium: rhodium(I) fluoride compound data|access-date=2007-12-10|publisher=OpenMOPAC.net}}</ref> +2, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}}, +4, +5, +6, +7<ref>Rh(VII) is known in the RhO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> cation, see {{cite journal |title=The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+ |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |date=2022 |doi=10.1002/anie.202207688}}</ref> {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Pd={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Pd={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=0, +2, +4 | |main=0, +2, +4 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default={{resize|1=112%|2='''0'''}}, +1, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+2'''}}, +3, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+4'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=mildly basic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default={{resize|1=112%|2='''0'''}}, +1, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+2'''}}, +3, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+4'''}}, +5<ref>Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see {{cite journal |first1=Shigeru |last1=Shimada |first2=Yong-Hua |last2=Li |first3=Yoong-Kee |last3=Choe |first4=Masato |last4=Tanaka |first5=Ming |last5=Bao |first6=Tadafumi |last6=Uchimaru |title=Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms |doi=10.1073/pnas.0700450104 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=104 |year=2007 |issue=19 |pages=7758–7763}}</ref> {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=mildly basic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Ag={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Ag={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+1 | |main=+1 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−2, −1, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+1'''}}, +2, +3 {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−2, −1, 0,<ref>Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ja00427a018|title=Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl|year=1976|last1=McIntosh|first1=D.|last2=Ozin|first2=G. A.|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|volume=98|issue=11|pages=3167-75}}</ref> {{resize|1=112%|2='''+1'''}}, +2, +3 {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| In={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | In={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+3 | |main=+3 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−5, −2, −1, +1, +2, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}}<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic951378e|title=Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties|year=1996|last1=Guloy|first1=A. M.|last2=Corbett|first2=J. D.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=35|issue=9|pages=2616–22|pmid=11666477}}</ref> {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−5, −2, −1, 0,<ref>Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anthony-Downs-2/publication/6589844_Development_of_the_Chemistry_of_Indium_in_Formal_Oxidation_States_Lower_than_3/links/5a82db2a0f7e9bda869fb52c/Development-of-the-Chemistry-of-Indium-in-Formal-Oxidation-States-Lower-than-3.pdf?origin=publication_detail], p. 6.</ref> +1, +2, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}}<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic951378e|title=Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties|year=1996|last1=Guloy|first1=A. M.|last2=Corbett|first2=J. D.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=35|issue=9|pages=2616–22|pmid=11666477}}</ref> {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 276: | Line 276: | ||
| I={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | I={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=−1, +1, +3, +5, +7 | |main=−1, +1, +3, +5, +7 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default={{resize|1=112%|2='''−1'''}}, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+1'''}}, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}}, +4, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+5'''}}, +6, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+7'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=strongly acidic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default={{resize|1=112%|2='''−1'''}}, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+1'''}}, +2,<ref>I(II) is known to exist in monoxide (IO); see {{cite journal|last1=Nikitin|first1=I V|title=Halogen monoxides|journal=Russian Chemical Reviews|date=31 August 2008|volume=77|issue=8|pages=739–749|doi=10.1070/RC2008v077n08ABEH003788|bibcode=2008RuCRv..77..739N}}</ref> {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}}, +4, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+5'''}}, +6, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+7'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=strongly acidic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 387: | Line 387: | ||
| Re={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Re={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+4 | |main=+4, +7 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+4'''}}, +5, +6, +7 {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=mildly acidic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+4'''}}, +5, +6, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+7'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=mildly acidic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| Pb={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Pb={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+2, +4 | |main=+2, +4 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−4, −2, −1, +1, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+2'''}}, +3, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+4'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−4, −2, −1, 0,<ref>Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and [[carbon monoxide]]; see {{cite journal|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1834915 | title= Observation of the lead carbonyls Pb<sub>n</sub>CO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon | ||
|first1=Jiang |last1=Ling |first2=Xu |last2=Qiang |archive-date=2005-01-15 |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505 |year = 2005|volume = 122|issue = 3|page = 34505|doi=10.1063/1.1834915 |pmid = 15740207|bibcode = 2005JChPh.122c4505J|issn=0021-9606}}</ref> +1, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+2'''}}, +3, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+4'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
| Bi={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Bi={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+3 | |main=+3 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−3, −2, −1, +1, +2, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}}, +4, +5 {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=mildly acidic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−3, −2, −1, 0,<ref>Bi(0) state is known to exist in a [[Heterocyclic compound|N-heterocyclic carbene]] complex of dibismuthene; see {{cite journal |first1=Rajesh |last1=Deka |first2=Andreas |last2=Orthaber |title=Carbene chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth: origin, evolution and future prospects |journal=Royal Society of Chemistry |issue=51 |page=8540 |date=May 6, 2022 |doi=10.1039/d2dt00755j |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/35578901}}</ref> +1, +2, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+3'''}}, +4, +5 {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=mildly acidic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 464: | Line 465: | ||
| Th={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | Th={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+4 | |main=+4 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default=+1, +2, +3, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+4'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=weakly basic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−1,<ref name="Th(-1), U(-1)">Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see {{cite journal| title=Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)<sub>8</sub>]<sup>+/−</sup> (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding | ||
|first1=Chi |last1=Chaoxian |first2=Pan |last2=Sudip |first3=Jin |last3=Jiaye |first4=Meng |last4=Luyan |first5=Luo |last5=Mingbiao |first6=Zhao |last6=Lili |first7=Zhou |last7=Mingfei |first8=Frenking |last8=Gernot |journal=Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784 |year = 2019|volume = 25|issue = 50|pages = 11772–11784|doi=10.1002/chem.201902625 |issn=0947-6539 |pmc=6772027 | |||
|pmid=31276242}}</ref> +1, +2, +3, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+4'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=weakly basic|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 474: | Line 477: | ||
| U={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | | U={{#switch:{{{format|}}} | ||
|main=+4, +6 | |main=+4, +6 | ||
|complete|complete_no_comment|#default=+1, +2, +3,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements|edition=3rd|editor1=Morss, L.R. |editor2=Edelstein, N.M. |editor3=Fuger, J. |place=Netherlands|publisher=Springer|year=2006|isbn=978-9048131464}}</ref> {{resize|1=112%|2='''+4'''}}, +5, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+6'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |complete|complete_no_comment|#default=−1,<ref name="Th(-1), U(-1)">Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see {{cite journal| title=Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)<sub>8</sub>]<sup>+/−</sup> (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding | ||
|first1=Chi |last1=Chaoxian |first2=Pan |last2=Sudip |first3=Jin |last3=Jiaye |first4=Meng |last4=Luyan |first5=Luo |last5=Mingbiao |first6=Zhao |last6=Lili |first7=Zhou |last7=Mingfei |first8=Frenking |last8=Gernot |journal=Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784 |year = 2019|volume = 25|issue = 50|pages = 11772–11784|doi=10.1002/chem.201902625 |issn=0947-6539 |pmc=6772027 | |||
|pmid=31276242}}</ref> +1, +2, +3,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements|edition=3rd|editor1=Morss, L.R. |editor2=Edelstein, N.M. |editor3=Fuger, J. |place=Netherlands|publisher=Springer|year=2006|isbn=978-9048131464}}</ref> {{resize|1=112%|2='''+4'''}}, +5, {{resize|1=112%|2='''+6'''}} {{#ifeq:{{{format|complete}}}|complete_no_comment||{{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment|comment=amphoteric|engvar={{{engvar|}}}}}}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
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