परिमाण की कोटि (मोलर सांद्रता): Difference between revisions

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यह पृष्ठ [[दाढ़ एकाग्रता]] के परिमाण के क्रम के उदाहरणों को सूचीबद्ध करता है। जहां इकाई रूपांतरण किए गए थे, वहां स्रोत मानों को कोष्ठक में रखा गया है।
यह पृष्ठ मोलर सांद्रता के परिमाण के क्रम के उदाहरणों को सूचीबद्ध करता है। जहां इकाई रूपांतरण किए गए थे, वहां स्रोत मानों को कोष्ठक में रखा गया है।


== सभी आदेश ==
=== सभी आदेश ===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''List of orders of magnitude for [[molar concentration]]'''
|+मोलर सांद्रता के लिए परिमाण के आदेशों की सूची
! Factor (Molarity)
! गुणक (मोलरता)
! [[International System of Units|SI]] [[SI prefix|prefix]]
! SI उपसर्ग
! Value
! मान
! Item
! मद
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−24</sup>
| rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−24</sup>
| rowspan="2" | yM
| rowspan="2" | yM
| {{val|1.66|u=yM}} || 1 elementary entity per [[litre]]<ref>{{val|1|upl=L}} ÷ [[Avogadro constant|''N''<sub>A</sub>]] ≈ {{val|1.66|u=yM}}</ref>
| {{val|1.66|u=yM}} || <ref>{{val|1|upl=L}} ÷ [[Avogadro constant|''N''<sub>A</sub>]] ≈ {{val|1.66|u=yM}}</ref>1 प्राथमिक इकाई प्रति लीटर
|-
|-
| {{val|8.5|u=yM}} || [[Aeroplankton|airborne]] [[bacteria]] in the upper [[troposphere]] ({{val|5100|up=m3}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DeLeon-Rodriguez |first1=Natasha |last2=Lathem |first2=Terry L. |last3=Rodriguez-R |first3=Luis M. |last4=Barazesh |first4=James M. |last5=Anderson |first5=Bruce E. |last6=Beyersdorf |first6=Andreas J. |last7=Ziemba |first7=Luke D. |last8=Bergin |first8=Michael |last9=Nenes |first9=Athanasios |last10=Konstantinidis |first10=Konstantinos T. |title=Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=12 February 2013 |volume=110 |issue=7 |pages=2575–2580 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1212089110 |pmid=23359712 |pmc=3574924 |language=en |issn=0027-8424|bibcode=2013PNAS..110.2575D |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| {{val|8.5|u=yM}} || ऊपरी क्षोभमंडल में वायुजनित जीवाणु (5100/m3)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DeLeon-Rodriguez |first1=Natasha |last2=Lathem |first2=Terry L. |last3=Rodriguez-R |first3=Luis M. |last4=Barazesh |first4=James M. |last5=Anderson |first5=Bruce E. |last6=Beyersdorf |first6=Andreas J. |last7=Ziemba |first7=Luke D. |last8=Bergin |first8=Michael |last9=Nenes |first9=Athanasios |last10=Konstantinidis |first10=Konstantinos T. |title=Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=12 February 2013 |volume=110 |issue=7 |pages=2575–2580 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1212089110 |pmid=23359712 |pmc=3574924 |language=en |issn=0027-8424|bibcode=2013PNAS..110.2575D |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|-
| 10<sup>−23</sup> || || ||
| 10<sup>−23</sup> || || ||
Line 21: Line 21:
|-
|-
| 10<sup>−21</sup> || zM
| 10<sup>−21</sup> || zM
| {{val|3.6|u=zM}} || [[solar neutrino]]s on [[Earth]] ({{val|6.5|e=10|u=/cm<sup>2</sup>⋅s}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bahcall |first1=John N. |last2=Serenelli |first2=Aldo M. |last3=Basu |first3=Sarbani |title=New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1 March 2005 |volume=621 |issue=1 |pages=L85–L88 |doi=10.1086/428929 |arxiv=astro-ph/0412440 |bibcode=2005ApJ...621L..85B |s2cid=1374022 }}</ref>
| {{val|3.6|u=zM}} || पृथ्वी पर सौर न्यूट्रिनो (6.5×1010 /cm2⋅s)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bahcall |first1=John N. |last2=Serenelli |first2=Aldo M. |last3=Basu |first3=Sarbani |title=New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1 March 2005 |volume=621 |issue=1 |pages=L85–L88 |doi=10.1086/428929 |arxiv=astro-ph/0412440 |bibcode=2005ApJ...621L..85B |s2cid=1374022 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| 10<sup>−20</sup> ||
| 10<sup>−20</sup> ||
| {{val|12|u=zM}} || [[radon]] in ambient, outdoor air in the [[United States]] ({{val|0.4|u=pCi|up=L}} {{val|7000|up=L}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? {{!}} ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=8&po=8 |website=www.atsdr.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC |access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>
| {{val|12|u=zM}} || संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में परिवेशी, बाहरी हवा में रेडॉन (0.4 pCi/L ≈ 7000/L)<ref>{{cite web |title=Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? {{!}} ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=8&po=8 |website=www.atsdr.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC |access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>


|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−19</sup>
| rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−19</sup>
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| {{val|120|u=zM}} || indoor [[radon]] at the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]'s "action level" ({{val|4|u=pCi|up=L}} {{val|70000|up=L}})<ref>{{cite report |date=July 2016 |title=Basic Radon Facts |url=https://www.epa.gov/radon/basic-radon-facts |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |access-date= 14 December 2018}}</ref>
| {{val|120|u=zM}} || EPA के "कार्रवाई स्तर" पर इनडोर रेडॉन (4 pCi/L ≈ 70000/L)<ref>{{cite report |date=July 2016 |title=Basic Radon Facts |url=https://www.epa.gov/radon/basic-radon-facts |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |access-date= 14 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{val|686|u=zM}} || [[cosmic microwave background]] [[photon]]s in [[outer space]] ({{val|413|up=cm3}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smoot |first1=George F. |title=The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum |date=13 May 1997 |arxiv=astro-ph/9705101 |bibcode=1997astro.ph..5101S }}</ref>
| {{val|686|u=zM}} || <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smoot |first1=George F. |title=The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum |date=13 May 1997 |arxiv=astro-ph/9705101 |bibcode=1997astro.ph..5101S }}</ref>
|-
|-
| 10<sup>−18</sup> || aM || ||
| 10<sup>−18</sup> || aM || ||
Line 52: Line 52:
|-
|-
| 10<sup>−11</sup> ||
| 10<sup>−11</sup> ||
| {{val|10|–|100|u=pM}} || [[gold]] in undersea [[Hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal fluids]]<ref name="gold"/>
| {{val|10|–|100|u=pM}} || [[gold]] in undersea [[Hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal fluids]]<ref name="gold" />
|-
|-
| 10<sup>−10</sup> || || {{val|170|u=pM}} || upper bound for healthy [[insulin]] when fasting<ref>{{cite journal |title=Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089224-overview |website=Medscape |publisher=WebMD |access-date=30 November 2018 |date=22 April 2018}}</ref>
| 10<sup>−10</sup> || || {{val|170|u=pM}} || upper bound for healthy [[insulin]] when fasting<ref>{{cite journal |title=Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089224-overview |website=Medscape |publisher=WebMD |access-date=30 November 2018 |date=22 April 2018}}</ref>
Line 66: Line 66:
| 10<sup>−5</sup> || || ||
| 10<sup>−5</sup> || || ||
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | 10<sup>−4</sup>
| rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−4</sup>
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan="2" |
| {{val|180|–|480|u=μM}} ||normal range for [[uric acid]] in [[blood]]<ref name="blood"/>
| {{val|180|–|480|u=μM}} ||normal range for [[uric acid]] in [[blood]]<ref name="blood" />
|-
|-
| {{val|570|u=μM}} || inhaled [[carbon monoxide]] induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < {{val|3|u=min}} ({{val|12800|u=ppm}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=Mark |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |journal=Journal of Emergency Nursing |date=December 2008 |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=538–542 |doi=10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014 |pmid=19022078 |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/3/5716/180 }}</ref>
| {{val|570|u=μM}} || inhaled [[carbon monoxide]] induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < {{val|3|u=min}} ({{val|12800|u=ppm}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=Mark |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |journal=Journal of Emergency Nursing |date=December 2008 |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=538–542 |doi=10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014 |pmid=19022078 |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/3/5716/180 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | 10<sup>−3</sup>
| rowspan="3" | 10<sup>−3</sup>
| rowspan=3 | mM
| rowspan="3" | mM
| {{val|0.32|–|32|u=mM}} || normal range of [[hydronium]] ions in [[gastric acid|stomach acid]] ([[pH]] 1.5–3.5)<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Marieb EN, Hoehn K |title=Human anatomy & physiology |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8053-9591-4}}</ref>
| {{val|0.32|–|32|u=mM}} || normal range of [[hydronium]] ions in [[gastric acid|stomach acid]] ([[pH]] 1.5–3.5)<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Marieb EN, Hoehn K |title=Human anatomy & physiology |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8053-9591-4}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{val|5.5|u=mM}} || upper bound for healthy [[blood glucose]] when fasting<ref name="type2mayo">{{cite web |title=Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199 |website=www.mayoclinic.org |language=en}}</ref>
| {{val|5.5|u=mM}} || upper bound for healthy [[blood glucose]] when fasting<ref name="type2mayo">{{cite web |title=Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199 |website=www.mayoclinic.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{val|7.8|u=mM}} || upper bound for healthy [[blood glucose]] 2 hours after eating<ref name="type2mayo"/>
| {{val|7.8|u=mM}} || upper bound for healthy [[blood glucose]] 2 hours after eating<ref name="type2mayo" />
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | 10<sup>−2</sup>
| rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−2</sup>
| rowspan=2 | cM
| rowspan="2" | cM
| {{val|20|u=mM}} || [[neutrino]]s during a [[supernova]], {{val|1|ul=AU}} from the core (10<sup>58</sup> over {{val|10|u=s}})<ref>{{cite web |title=nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova |url=https://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/bahcall/index.html |website=www.nature.com |publisher=Nature Publishing Group 2006 |access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>
| {{val|20|u=mM}} || [[neutrino]]s during a [[supernova]], {{val|1|ul=AU}} from the core (10<sup>58</sup> over {{val|10|u=s}})<ref>{{cite web |title=nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova |url=https://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/bahcall/index.html |website=www.nature.com |publisher=Nature Publishing Group 2006 |access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{val|44.6|u=mM}} || pure [[ideal gas]] at {{val|0|u=degC}} and {{val|101.325|u=kPa}}<ref>''V''<sub>m</sub> = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414&nbsp;[[Decimetre|dm]]<sup>3</sup>/mol</ref>
| {{val|44.6|u=mM}} || pure [[ideal gas]] at {{val|0|u=degC}} and {{val|101.325|u=kPa}}<ref>''V''<sub>m</sub> = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414&nbsp;[[Decimetre|dm]]<sup>3</sup>/mol</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | 10<sup>−1</sup>
| rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−1</sup>
| rowspan=2 |dM|| {{val|140|u=mM}} || [[sodium]] ions in [[blood plasma]]<ref name="blood"/>
| rowspan="2" |dM|| {{val|140|u=mM}} || [[sodium]] ions in [[blood plasma]]<ref name="blood" />
|-
|-
| {{val|480|u=mM}} || [[sodium]] ions in [[seawater]]<ref>0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L</ref>
| {{val|480|u=mM}} || [[sodium]] ions in [[seawater]]<ref>0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L</ref>

Revision as of 10:41, 21 June 2023

यह पृष्ठ मोलर सांद्रता के परिमाण के क्रम के उदाहरणों को सूचीबद्ध करता है। जहां इकाई रूपांतरण किए गए थे, वहां स्रोत मानों को कोष्ठक में रखा गया है।

सभी आदेश

मोलर सांद्रता के लिए परिमाण के आदेशों की सूची
गुणक (मोलरता) SI उपसर्ग मान मद
10−24 yM 1.66 yM [1]1 प्राथमिक इकाई प्रति लीटर
8.5 yM ऊपरी क्षोभमंडल में वायुजनित जीवाणु (5100/m3)[2]
10−23
10−22
10−21 zM 3.6 zM पृथ्वी पर सौर न्यूट्रिनो (6.5×1010 /cm2⋅s)[3]
10−20 12 zM संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में परिवेशी, बाहरी हवा में रेडॉन (0.4 pCi/L ≈ 7000/L)[4]
10−19 120 zM EPA के "कार्रवाई स्तर" पर इनडोर रेडॉन (4 pCi/L ≈ 70000/L)[5]
686 zM [6]
10−18 aM
10−17
10−16
10−15 fM 2 fM bacteria in surface seawater (1×109/L)[7]
10−14 20 fM virions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater (10×109/L)[8]
50–100 fM gold in seawater[9]
10−13
10−12 pM 7.51–9.80 pM normal range for erythrocytes in blood in an adult male ((4.52–5.90)×1012/L)[10][11]
10−11 10–100 pM gold in undersea hydrothermal fluids[9]
10−10 170 pM upper bound for healthy insulin when fasting[12]
10−9 nM 5 nM inhaled osmium tetroxide is immediately dangerous to life or health (1 mg Os/m3)[13]
10−8
10−7 101 nM hydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at 25 °C (pKW = 13.99)[14]
10−6 μM
10−5
10−4 180–480 μM normal range for uric acid in blood[10]
570 μM inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < 3 min (12800 ppm)[15]
10−3 mM 0.32–32 mM normal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5)[16]
5.5 mM upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting[17]
7.8 mM upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating[17]
10−2 cM 20 mM neutrinos during a supernova, AU from the core (1058 over 10 s)[18]
44.6 mM pure ideal gas at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa[19]
10−1 dM 140 mM sodium ions in blood plasma[10]
480 mM sodium ions in seawater[20]
100 M 1 M standard state concentration for defining thermodynamic activity[21]
101 daM 17.5 M pure (glacial) acetic acid (1.05 g/cm3)[22]
40 M pure solid hydrogen (86 g/L)[23]
55.5 M pure water at 3.984 °C, temperature of its maximum density (1.0000 g/cm3)[24]
102 hM 118.8 M pure osmium at 20 °C (22.587 g/cm3)[25]
140.5 M pure copper at 25 °C (8.93 g/cm3)
103 kM
104 24 kM helium in the solar core (150 g/cm365%)[26]
105
106 MM
107
108 122.2 MM nuclei in a white dwarf from a M progenitor star (106.349 g/cm3)[27]
109 GM
1010
1011
1012 TM
1013
1014
1015 PM
1016
1017 228 PM nucleons in atomic nuclei (2.3×1017 kg/m3 = 1.37×1044/m3)[28]
1018 EM
...
1077 3.9×1077 M the Planck concentration (2.4×10104/m3), inverse of the Planck volume


एकाधिक IF

SI multiples of molar (M)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 M dM decimolar 101 M daM decamolar
10−2 M cM centimolar 102 M hM hectomolar
10−3 M mM millimolar 103 M kM kilomolar
10−6 M µM micromolar 106 M MM megamolar
10−9 M nM nanomolar 109 M GM gigamolar
10−12 M pM picomolar 1012 M TM teramolar
10−15 M fM femtomolar 1015 M PM petamolar
10−18 M aM attomolar 1018 M EM examolar
10−21 M zM zeptomolar 1021 M ZM zettamolar
10−24 M yM yoctomolar 1024 M YM yottamolar
10−27 M rM rontomolar 1027 M RM ronnamolar
10−30 M qM quectomolar 1030 M QM quettamolar

यह भी देखें

संदर्भ

  1. 1/L ÷ NA1.66 yM
  2. DeLeon-Rodriguez, Natasha; Lathem, Terry L.; Rodriguez-R, Luis M.; Barazesh, James M.; Anderson, Bruce E.; Beyersdorf, Andreas J.; Ziemba, Luke D.; Bergin, Michael; Nenes, Athanasios; Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T. (12 February 2013). "Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in English). 110 (7): 2575–2580. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.2575D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212089110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3574924. PMID 23359712.
  3. Bahcall, John N.; Serenelli, Aldo M.; Basu, Sarbani (1 March 2005). "New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes". The Astrophysical Journal. 621 (1): L85–L88. arXiv:astro-ph/0412440. Bibcode:2005ApJ...621L..85B. doi:10.1086/428929. S2CID 1374022.
  4. "Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? | ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. CDC. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  5. Basic Radon Facts (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  6. Smoot, George F. (13 May 1997). "The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum". arXiv:astro-ph/9705101. Bibcode:1997astro.ph..5101S. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. Gamfeldt, Lars; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Byrnes, Jarrett E. K.; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Griffin, John N. (March 2015). "Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?". Oikos. 124 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1111/oik.01549.
  8. Bergh, Øivind; Børsheim, Knut Yngve; Bratbak, Gunnar; Heldal, Mikal (August 1989). "High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments". Nature (in English). 340 (6233): 467–468. Bibcode:1989Natur.340..467B. doi:10.1038/340467a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 2755508. S2CID 4271861.
  9. 9.0 9.1 Kenison Falkner, K.; Edmond, J. M. (1 May 1990). "Gold in seawater". Earth and Planetary Science Letters (in English). 98 (2): 208–221. Bibcode:1990E&PSL..98..208K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B. ISSN 0012-821X.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Reference ranges for blood tests
  11. "Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  12. "Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. WebMD. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  13. "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products". www.cdc.gov (in English). CDC. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  14. Bandura, Andrei V.; Lvov, Serguei N. (2006). "The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35 (1): 15–30. Bibcode:2006JPCRD..35...15B. doi:10.1063/1.1928231.
  15. Goldstein, Mark (December 2008). "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 34 (6): 538–542. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014. PMID 19022078.
  16. Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2010). Human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-9591-4.
  17. 17.0 17.1 "Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org (in English).
  18. "nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova". www.nature.com. Nature Publishing Group 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  19. Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol
  20. 0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L
  21. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). "IUPAC - standard concentration (S05909)". goldbook.iupac.org. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  22. PubChem. "Acetic Acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (in English). Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  23. Dewar, James (1899). "Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène". Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 18: 145–150.
  24. Franks, Felix, ed. (1974). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water (2 ed.). New York: Plenum Press. p. 376. ISBN 9781468483345.
  25. Arblaster, J. W. (1995). "Osmium, the Densest Metal Known". Platinum Metals Review. 39 (4): 164. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
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