द्रव यांत्रिकी में आयामहीन संख्याएँ

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अभिलक्षणिक संख्याएँ आयामहीन मात्राओं का एक समूह हैं जो तरल पदार्थों के व्यवहार और उनके प्रवाह के साथ-साथ अन्य परिवहन घटनाओं के विश्लेषण में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।[1] उनमें रेनॉल्ड्स संख्या और मैक संख्याएं शामिल हैं, जो द्रव के सापेक्ष परिमाण और घनत्व, चिपचिपाहट, ध्वनि की गति और वेग गति जैसी भौतिक प्रणाली विशेषताओं के अनुपात का वर्णन करती हैं।

किसी वास्तविक स्थिति (उदाहरण के लिए एक विमान) की तुलना छोटे पैमाने के मॉडल से करने के लिए महत्वपूर्ण विशेषता संख्याओं को समान रखना आवश्यक है। इन नंबरों के नाम और सूत्रीकरण आईएसओ 31-12 और आईएसओ 80000-11 में मानकीकृत किए गए थे।

परिवहन परिघटना में विवर्तनिक संख्याएँ

Dimensionless numbers in transport phenomena
vs. Inertial Viscous Thermal Mass
Inertial vd Re Pe PeAB
Viscous Re−1 μ/ρ, ν Pr Sc
Thermal Pe−1 Pr−1 α Le
Mass PeAB−1 Sc−1 Le−1 D

द्रव यांत्रिकी में आयामहीन संख्याएँ कैसे उत्पन्न होती हैं, इसके एक सामान्य उदाहरण के रूप में, द्रव्यमान के संरक्षण, गति के संरक्षण और ऊर्जा के संरक्षण की परिवहन घटनाओं में शास्त्रीय संख्याओं का मुख्य रूप से प्रत्येक परिवहन तंत्र में प्रभावी प्रसार के अनुपात द्वारा विश्लेषण किया जाता है। छह आयामहीन मात्राएँ जड़ता, श्यानता, ऊष्मा चालन और विसरणीय जन परिवहन की विभिन्न घटनाओं की सापेक्ष शक्तियाँ देती हैं। (तालिका में, विकर्ण मात्राओं के लिए सामान्य प्रतीक देते हैं, और दी गई आयाम रहित संख्या शीर्ष पंक्ति की मात्रा पर बाएं स्तंभ की मात्रा का अनुपात है; उदाहरण के लिए रेनॉल्ड्स संख्या = जड़त्व बल/श्यान बल = vd/श्यानता|ν।) ये समान मात्राओं को वैकल्पिक रूप से विशिष्ट समय, लंबाई या ऊर्जा पैमाने के अनुपात के रूप में व्यक्त किया जा सकता है। ऐसे फॉर्म आमतौर पर व्यवहार में कम उपयोग किए जाते हैं, लेकिन विशेष अनुप्रयोगों में अंतर्दृष्टि प्रदान कर सकते हैं।

बूंद निर्माण

Dimensionless numbers in droplet formation
vs. Momentum Viscosity Surface tension Gravity Kinetic energy
Momentum ρvd Re Fr
Viscosity Re−1 ρν, μ Oh, Ca, La−1 Ga−1
Surface tension Oh−1, Ca−1, La σ Bo−1 We−1
Gravity Fr−1 Ga Bo g
Kinetic energy We ρv2d

बूंदों का निर्माण अधिकतर गति, चिपचिपाहट और सतह तनाव पर निर्भर करता है।[2] उदाहरण के लिए, इंकजेट मुद्रण में, बहुत अधिक ओहनेसॉर्ज संख्या वाली स्याही ठीक से जेट नहीं होगी, और बहुत कम ओहनेसॉर्ज संख्या वाली स्याही कई उपग्रह बूंदों के साथ जेट होगी।[3] सभी मात्रा अनुपातों को स्पष्ट रूप से नामित नहीं किया गया है, हालांकि प्रत्येक अनाम अनुपात को दो अन्य नामित आयामहीन संख्याओं के उत्पाद के रूप में व्यक्त किया जा सकता है।

सूची

सभी संख्याएँ [[आयामहीन मात्राएँ]] हैं। आयामहीन मात्राओं की विस्तृत सूची के लिए अन्य लेख देखें। द्रव यांत्रिकी के लिए कुछ महत्व की कुछ आयामहीन मात्राएँ नीचे दी गई हैं:

Name Standard symbol Definition Field of application
Archimedes number Ar fluid mechanics (motion of fluids due to density differences)
Atwood number A fluid mechanics (onset of instabilities in fluid mixtures due to density differences)
Bejan number
(fluid mechanics)
Be fluid mechanics (dimensionless pressure drop along a channel)[4]
Bingham number Bm fluid mechanics, rheology (ratio of yield stress to viscous stress)[5]
Biot number Bi heat transfer (surface vs. volume conductivity of solids)
Blake number Bl or B geology, fluid mechanics, porous media (inertial over viscous forces in fluid flow through porous media)
Bond number Bo geology, fluid mechanics, porous media (buoyant versus capillary forces, similar to the Eötvös number) [6]
Brinkman number Br heat transfer, fluid mechanics (conduction from a wall to a viscous fluid)
Brownell–Katz number NBK fluid mechanics (combination of capillary number and Bond number) [7]
Capillary number Ca porous media, fluid mechanics (viscous forces versus surface tension)
Chandrasekhar number C hydromagnetics (Lorentz force versus viscosity)
Colburn J factors JM, JH, JD turbulence; heat, mass, and momentum transfer (dimensionless transfer coefficients)
Damkohler number Da chemistry (reaction time scales vs. residence time)
Darcy friction factor Cf or fD fluid mechanics (fraction of pressure losses due to friction in a pipe; four times the Fanning friction factor)
Dean number D turbulent flow (vortices in curved ducts)
Deborah number De rheology (viscoelastic fluids)
Drag coefficient cd aeronautics, fluid dynamics (resistance to fluid motion)
Eckert number Ec convective heat transfer (characterizes dissipation of energy; ratio of kinetic energy to enthalpy)
Eötvös number Eo fluid mechanics (shape of bubbles or drops)
Ericksen number Er fluid dynamics (liquid crystal flow behavior; viscous over elastic forces)
Euler number Eu hydrodynamics (stream pressure versus inertia forces)
Excess temperature coefficient heat transfer, fluid dynamics (change in internal energy versus kinetic energy)[8]
Fanning friction factor f fluid mechanics (fraction of pressure losses due to friction in a pipe; 1/4th the Darcy friction factor)[9]
Froude number Fr fluid mechanics (wave and surface behaviour; ratio of a body's inertia to gravitational forces)
Galilei number Ga fluid mechanics (gravitational over viscous forces)
Görtler number G fluid dynamics (boundary layer flow along a concave wall)
Graetz number Gz heat transfer, fluid mechanics (laminar flow through a conduit; also used in mass transfer)
Grashof number Gr heat transfer, natural convection (ratio of the buoyancy to viscous force)
Hartmann number Ha magnetohydrodynamics (ratio of Lorentz to viscous forces)
Hagen number Hg heat transfer (ratio of the buoyancy to viscous force in forced convection)
Iribarren number Ir wave mechanics (breaking surface gravity waves on a slope)
Jakob number Ja heat transfer (ratio of sensible heat to latent heat during phase changes)
Karlovitz number Ka turbulent combustion (characteristic flow time times flame stretch rate)
Kapitza number Ka fluid mechanics (thin film of liquid flows down inclined surfaces)
Keulegan–Carpenter number KC fluid dynamics (ratio of drag force to inertia for a bluff object in oscillatory fluid flow)
Knudsen number Kn gas dynamics (ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale)
Kutateladze number Ku fluid mechanics (counter-current two-phase flow)[10]
Laplace number La fluid dynamics (free convection within immiscible fluids; ratio of surface tension to momentum-transport)
Lewis number Le heat and mass transfer (ratio of thermal to mass diffusivity)
Lift coefficient CL aerodynamics (lift available from an airfoil at a given angle of attack)
Lockhart–Martinelli parameter two-phase flow (flow of wet gases; liquid fraction)[11]
Mach number M or Ma gas dynamics (compressible flow; dimensionless velocity)
Manning roughness coefficient n open channel flow (flow driven by gravity)[12]
Marangoni number Mg fluid mechanics (Marangoni flow; thermal surface tension forces over viscous forces)
Markstein number Ma turbulence, combustion (Markstein length to laminar flame thickness)
Morton number Mo fluid dynamics (determination of bubble/drop shape)
Nusselt number Nu heat transfer (forced convection; ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer)
Ohnesorge number Oh fluid dynamics (atomization of liquids, Marangoni flow)
Péclet number Pe or fluid mechanics (ratio of advective transport rate over molecular diffusive transport rate), heat transfer (ratio of advective transport rate over thermal diffusive transport rate)
Prandtl number Pr heat transfer (ratio of viscous diffusion rate over thermal diffusion rate)
Pressure coefficient CP aerodynamics, hydrodynamics (pressure experienced at a point on an airfoil; dimensionless pressure variable)
Rayleigh number Ra heat transfer (buoyancy versus viscous forces in free convection)
Reynolds number Re fluid mechanics (ratio of fluid inertial and viscous forces)[5]
Richardson number Ri fluid dynamics (effect of buoyancy on flow stability; ratio of potential over kinetic energy)[13]
Roshko number Ro fluid dynamics (oscillating flow, vortex shedding)
Schmidt number Sc mass transfer (viscous over molecular diffusion rate)[14]
Shape factor H boundary layer flow (ratio of displacement thickness to momentum thickness)
Sherwood number Sh mass transfer (forced convection; ratio of convective to diffusive mass transport)
Sommerfeld number S hydrodynamic lubrication (boundary lubrication)[15]
Stanton number St heat transfer and fluid dynamics (forced convection)
Stokes number Stk or Sk particles suspensions (ratio of characteristic time of particle to time of flow)
Strouhal number St Vortex shedding (ratio of characteristic oscillatory velocity to ambient flow velocity)
Stuart number N magnetohydrodynamics (ratio of electromagnetic to inertial forces)
Taylor number Ta fluid dynamics (rotating fluid flows; inertial forces due to rotation of a fluid versus viscous forces)
Ursell number U wave mechanics (nonlinearity of surface gravity waves on a shallow fluid layer)
Wallis parameter j multiphase flows (nondimensional superficial velocity)[16]
Weber number We multiphase flow (strongly curved surfaces; ratio of inertia to surface tension)
Weissenberg number Wi viscoelastic flows (shear rate times the relaxation time)[17]
Womersley number biofluid mechanics (continuous and pulsating flows; ratio of pulsatile flow frequency to viscous effects)[18]
Zel'dovich number fluid dynamics, Combustion (Measure of activation energy)


संदर्भ

  1. "ISO 80000-1:2009". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 2019-09-15. A.3.2 Some combinations of dimension one of quantities, such as those occurring in the description of transport phenomena, are called characteristic numbers and carry the term "number" in their names.
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  7. "Home". OnePetro. 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
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  10. Tan, R. B. H.; Sundar, R. (2001). "On the froth–spray transition at multiple orifices". Chemical Engineering Science. 56 (21–22): 6337. Bibcode:2001ChEnS..56.6337T. doi:10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00247-0.
  11. Stewart, David (February 2003). "The Evaluation of Wet Gas Metering Technologies for Offshore Applications, Part 1 – Differential Pressure Meters" (PDF). Flow Measurement Guidance Note. Glasgow, UK: National Engineering Laboratory. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2006.
  12. Science Applications International Corporation (2001). Performing Quality Flow Measurements at Mine Sites. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/600/R-01/043.
  13. Richardson number Archived 2015-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
  14. Schmidt number Archived 2010-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
  15. Ekerfors, Lars O. (1985). Boundary lubrication in screw-nut transmissions (PDF) (PhD). Luleå University of Technology. ISSN 0348-8373.
  16. Petritsch, G.; Mewes, D. (1999). "Experimental investigations of the flow patterns in the hot leg of a pressurized water reactor". Nuclear Engineering and Design. 188: 75–84. doi:10.1016/S0029-5493(99)00005-9.
  17. Smith, Douglas E.; Babcock, Hazen P.; Chu, Steven (12 March 1999). "Single-Polymer Dynamics in Steady Shear Flow" (PDF). Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 283 (5408): 1724–1727. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1724S. doi:10.1126/science.283.5408.1724. PMID 10073935. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2011. {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  18. Bookbinder; Engler; Hong; Miller (May 2001). "Comparison of Flow Measure Techniques during Continuous and Pulsatile Flow". 2001 BE Undergraduate Projects. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania.
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