File:BMonSphere.jpg

From Vigyanwiki

BMonSphere.jpg ‎(365 × 356 pixels, file size: 10 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)

This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. The description on its file description page there is shown below.

This image was uploaded in the JPEG format even though it consists of non-photographic data. This information could be stored more efficiently or accurately in the PNG or SVG format. If possible, please upload a PNG or SVG version of this image without compression artifacts, derived from a non-JPEG source (or with existing artifacts removed). After doing so, please tag the JPEG version with {{Superseded|NewImage.ext}} and remove this tag. This tag should not be applied to photographs or scans. If this image is a diagram or other image suitable for vectorisation, please tag this image with {{Convert to SVG}} instead of {{BadJPEG}}. If not suitable for vectorisation, use {{Convert to PNG}}. For more information, see {{BadJPEG}}.
Description Brownian Motion on a Sphere. The generator of ths process is ½ times the Laplace-Beltrami-Operator
Date Summer 2007
date QS:P,+2007-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P4241,Q40720564
(blender file as of 28.06.2007)
Source read some papers (eg Price, Gareth C.; Williams, David: "Rolling with “slipping”" : I. Séminaire de probabilités de Strasbourg, 17 (1983), p. 194-197 You can download it from http://www.numdam.org/item?id=SPS_1983__17__194_0) use the GNU R code and the python code (in blender3d) to create this image.
Author Thomas Steiner
Permission
(Reusing this file)		 Thomas Steiner put it under the CC-by-SA 2.5. If you use the python code or the R code, please give a reference to Christian Bayer and Thomas Steiner.
 
This image was created with Blender.
w:en:Creative Commons
attribution share alike
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic licence.
You are free:
  • to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
  • to remix – to adapt the work
Under the following conditions:
  • attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
  • share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible licence as the original.

code

Perhaps you grab the source from the "edit" page without the wikiformating.

GNU R

This creates the paths and saves them into textfiles that can be read by blender. There are also paths for BMs on a torus. 

# calculate a Brownian motion on the sphere; the output is a list
# consisting of:
# Z ... BM on the sphere
# Y ... tangential BM, see Price&Williams
# b ... independent 1D BM (see Price & Williams)
# B ... generating 3D BM
# n ... number of time-steps in the discretization
# T ... the above processes are given on a uniform mesh of size
#       n on [0,T]
euler = function(x0, T, n) {
  # initialize objects
  dt = T/(n-1);
  dB = matrix(rep(0,3*(n-1)),ncol=3, nrow=n-1);
  dB[,1] = rnorm(n-1, 0, sqrt(dt));
  dB[,2] = rnorm(n-1, 0, sqrt(dt));
  dB[,3] = rnorm(n-1, 0, sqrt(dt));
  Z = matrix(rep(0,3*n), ncol=3, nrow=n);
  dZ = matrix(rep(0,3*(n-1)), ncol=3, nrow=n-1);
  Y = matrix(rep(0,3*n), ncol=3, nrow=n);
  B = matrix(rep(0,3*n), ncol=3, nrow=n);
  b = rep(0, n);
  Z[1,] = x0;

  #do the computation
  for(k in 2:n){
    B[k,] = B[k-1,] + dB[k-1,];
    dZ[k-1,] = cross(Z[k-1,],dB[k-1,]) - Z[k-1,]*dt;
    Z[k,] = Z[k-1,] + dZ[k-1,];
    Y[k,] = Y[k-1,] - cross(Z[k-1,],dZ[k-1,]);
    b[k] = b[k-1] + dot(Z[k-1,],dB[k-1,]);
  }
  return(list(Z = Z, Y = Y, b = b, B = B, n = n, T = T));
}

# write the output from euler in csv-files
euler.write = function(bms, files=c("Z.csv","Y.csv","b.csv","B.csv"),steps=bms$n){
  bigsteps=round(seq(1,bms$n,length=steps))
  write.table(bms$Z[bigsteps,],file=files[1],col.names=F,row.names=F,sep=",",dec=".");
  write.table(bms$Y[bigsteps,],file=files[2],col.names=F,row.names=F,sep=",",dec=".");
  write.table(bms$b[bigsteps],file=files[3],col.names=F,row.names=F,sep=",",dec=".");
  write.table(bms$B[bigsteps,],file=files[4],col.names=F,row.names=F,sep=",",dec=".");
}

# calculate a Brownian motion on a 3-d torus with outer
# radius R and inner radius r
eulerTorus = function(x0, r, R, t, n) {
  # initialize objects
  dt = t/(n-1);
  dB = matrix(rep(0,3*(n-1)),ncol=3, nrow=n-1);
  dB[,1] = rnorm(n-1, 0, sqrt(dt));
  dB[,2] = rnorm(n-1, 0, sqrt(dt));
  dB[,3] = rnorm(n-1, 0, sqrt(dt));
  Z = matrix(rep(0,3*n), ncol=3, nrow=n);
  B = matrix(rep(0,3*n), ncol=3, nrow=n);
  dZ = matrix(rep(0,3*(n-1)), ncol=3, nrow=n-1);
  Z[1,] = x0;
  nT = rep(0,3);

  #do the computation
  for(k in 2:n){
    B[k,] = B[k-1,] + dB[k-1,];
    nT = nTorus(Z[k-1,],r,R);
    dZ[k-1,] = cross(nT, dB[k-1,]) + HTorus(Z[k-1,],r,R)*nT*dt;
    Z[k,] = Z[k-1,] + dZ[k-1,];
  }
  return(list(Z = Z, B = B, n = n, t = t));
}

# write the output from euler in csv-files
torus.write = function(bmt, files=c("tZ.csv","tB.csv"),steps=bmt$n){
  bigsteps=round(seq(1,bmt$n,length=steps))
  write.table(bmt$Z[bigsteps,],file=files[1],col.names=F,row.names=F,sep=",",dec=".");
  write.table(bmt$B[bigsteps,],file=files[2],col.names=F,row.names=F,sep=",",dec=".");
}

# "defining" function of a torus
fTorus = function(x,r,R){
  return((x[1]^2+x[2]^2+x[3]^2+R^2-r^2)^2 - 4*R^2*(x[1]^2+x[2]^2));
}

# normal vector of a 3-d torus with outer radius R and inner radius r
nTorus = function(x, r, R) {
  c1 = x[1]*(x[1]^2+x[2]^2+x[3]^2-R^2-r^2)/(3*x[1]^4*x[2]^2+3*x[3]^4*x[2]^2
    +3*x[3]^4*x[1]^2+6*x[3]^2*x[1]^2*x[2]^2+3*x[1]^2*x[2]^4+3*x[3]^2*x[2]^4
    -2*x[3]^2*R^2*r^2-4*x[1]^2*x[2]^2*R^2+x[1]^6+x[2]^6+x[3]^6+3*x[3]^2*x[1]^4
    -4*x[1]^2*x[2]^2*r^2-4*x[1]^2*x[3]^2*r^2+2*R^2*x[1]^2*r^2
    -4*x[2]^2*x[3]^2*r^2+2*R^2*x[2]^2*r^2-2*x[1]^4*R^2-2*x[1]^4*r^2
    +R^4*x[1]^2+x[1]^2*r^4-2*x[2]^4*R^2-2*x[2]^4*r^2+R^4*x[2]^2+x[2]^2*r^4
    +x[3]^2*R^4+x[3]^2*r^4-2*x[3]^4*r^2+2*x[3]^4*R^2)^(1/2);
  c2 = x[2]*(x[1]^2+x[2]^2+x[3]^2-R^2-r^2)/(3*x[1]^4*x[2]^2+3*x[3]^4*x[2]^2
    +3*x[3]^4*x[1]^2+6*x[3]^2*x[1]^2*x[2]^2+3*x[1]^2*x[2]^4+3*x[3]^2*x[2]^4
    -2*x[3]^2*R^2*r^2-4*x[1]^2*x[2]^2*R^2+x[1]^6+x[2]^6+x[3]^6
    +3*x[3]^2*x[1]^4-4*x[1]^2*x[2]^2*r^2-4*x[1]^2*x[3]^2*r^2+2*R^2*x[1]^2*r^2
    -4*x[2]^2*x[3]^2*r^2+2*R^2*x[2]^2*r^2-2*x[1]^4*R^2-2*x[1]^4*r^2+R^4*x[1]^2
    +x[1]^2*r^4-2*x[2]^4*R^2-2*x[2]^4*r^2+R^4*x[2]^2+x[2]^2*r^4+x[3]^2*R^4
    +x[3]^2*r^4-2*x[3]^4*r^2+2*x[3]^4*R^2)^(1/2);
  c3 = (x[1]^2+x[2]^2+x[3]^2+R^2-r^2)*x[3]/(3*x[1]^4*x[2]^2+3*x[3]^4*x[2]^2
                                            +3*x[3]^4*x[1]^2
                                            +6*x[3]^2*x[1]^2*x[2]^2
                                            +3*x[1]^2*x[2]^4+3*x[3]^2*x[2]^4
                                            -2*x[3]^2*R^2*r^2
                                            -4*x[1]^2*x[2]^2*R^2+x[1]^6
                                            +x[2]^6+x[3]^6+3*x[3]^2*x[1]^4
                                            -4*x[1]^2*x[2]^2*r^2
                                            -4*x[1]^2*x[3]^2*r^2
                                            +2*R^2*x[1]^2*r^2
                                            -4*x[2]^2*x[3]^2*r^2
                                            +2*R^2*x[2]^2*r^2-2*x[1]^4*R^2
                                            -2*x[1]^4*r^2+R^4*x[1]^2
                                            +x[1]^2*r^4-2*x[2]^4*R^2
                                            -2*x[2]^4*r^2+R^4*x[2]^2
                                            +x[2]^2*r^4+x[3]^2*R^4
                                            +x[3]^2*r^4-2*x[3]^4*r^2
                                            +2*x[3]^4*R^2)^(1/2);
  return(c(c1,c2,c3));
}

# mean curvature of a 3-d torus with outer radius R and inner radius r
HTorus = function(x, r, R){
  return( -(3*x[1]^4*r^4+4*x[2]^6*x[3]^2+4*x[1]^6*x[2]^2-3*x[2]^4*x[3]^2*R^2
            -2*x[1]^6*R^2+4*x[1]^2*x[3]^6+x[3]^6*R^2+4*x[2]^4*R^2*r^2-x[1]^2*r^6
            -x[2]^2*r^6+x[2]^4*R^4+4*x[2]^2*x[3]^2*R^4+6*x[2]^2*x[3]^2*r^4
            -2*x[1]^2*R^2*r^4-x[1]^2*R^4*r^2-9*x[1]^4*x[2]^2*r^2
            -9*x[1]^4*x[3]^2*r^2+4*x[1]^4*R^2*r^2+12*x[1]^2*x[3]^4*x[2]^2
            -3*x[2]^6*r^2+4*x[1]^6*x[3]^2+3*x[3]^4*r^4-x[3]^4*R^4
            -9*x[2]^4*x[3]^2*r^2+2*x[2]^2*x[3]^2*R^2*r^2+4*x[1]^2*x[2]^6
            -6*x[1]^2*x[3]^2*x[2]^2*R^2-x[3]^2*r^6+6*x[2]^4*x[3]^4+x[3]^8
            +x[1]^8+x[2]^8-3*x[1]^6*r^2+6*x[1]^4*x[3]^4+12*x[1]^2*x[3]^2*x[2]^4
            -6*x[1]^2*x[2]^4*R^2-2*x[3]^4*R^2*r^2-2*x[2]^2*R^2*r^4-x[2]^2*R^4*r^2
            -9*x[2]^2*x[3]^4*r^2+x[3]^2*R^2*r^4+x[3]^2*R^4*r^2-9*x[1]^2*x[2]^4*r^2
            +2*x[1]^2*R^4*x[2]^2+6*x[1]^2*x[2]^2*r^4-3*x[1]^4*x[3]^2*R^2
            -6*x[1]^4*x[2]^2*R^2+4*x[1]^2*x[3]^2*R^4+6*x[1]^2*x[3]^2*r^4
            -9*x[1]^2*x[3]^4*r^2+8*x[1]^2*R^2*x[2]^2*r^2+2*x[1]^2*x[3]^2*R^2*r^2
            +x[1]^4*R^4-3*x[3]^6*r^2-2*x[2]^6*R^2+6*x[1]^4*x[2]^4-x[3]^2*R^6
            -18*x[1]^2*x[2]^2*x[3]^2*r^2+4*x[2]^2*x[3]^6+12*x[1]^4*x[3]^2*x[2]^2
            +3*x[2]^4*r^4)/(3*x[1]^4*x[2]^2+3*x[3]^4*x[2]^2+3*x[3]^4*x[1]^2
                            +6*x[3]^2*x[1]^2*x[2]^2+3*x[1]^2*x[2]^4+3*x[3]^2*x[2]^4
                            -2*x[3]^2*R^2*r^2-4*x[1]^2*x[2]^2*R^2+x[1]^6+x[2]^6
                            +x[3]^6+3*x[3]^2*x[1]^4-4*x[1]^2*x[2]^2*r^2
                            -4*x[1]^2*x[3]^2*r^2+2*R^2*x[1]^2*r^2
                            -4*x[2]^2*x[3]^2*r^2+2*R^2*x[2]^2*r^2-2*x[1]^4*R^2
                            -2*x[1]^4*r^2+R^4*x[1]^2+x[1]^2*r^4-2*x[2]^4*R^2
                            -2*x[2]^4*r^2+R^4*x[2]^2+x[2]^2*r^4+x[3]^2*R^4
                            +x[3]^2*r^4-2*x[3]^4*r^2+2*x[3]^4*R^2)^(3/2));
}

# calculate the cross product of the two 3-dim vectors
# x and y. No argument-checking for performance reasons
cross = function(x,y){
  res = rep(0,3);
  res[1] = x[2]*y[3] - x[3]*y[2];
  res[2] = -x[1]*y[3] + x[3]*y[1];
  res[3] = x[1]*y[2] - x[2]*y[1];
  return(res);
}

# calculate the inner product of two vectors of dim 3
# returns a number, not a 1x1-matrix!
dot = function(x,y){
  return(sum(x*y));
}

# calculate the cross product of the two 3-dim vectors
# x and y. No argument-checking for performance reasons
cross = function(x,y){
  res = rep(0,3);
  res[1] = x[2]*y[3] - x[3]*y[2];
  res[2] = -x[1]*y[3] + x[3]*y[1];
  res[3] = x[1]*y[2] - x[2]*y[1];
  return(res);
}

#############
### main-teil
set.seed(280180)
et=eulerTorus(c(3,0,0),3,5,19,10000)
torus.write(et,steps=9000)
#
#bms=euler(c(1,0,0),4,70000)
#euler.write(bms,steps=10000)

blender3d

The blender (python) code to create a image that looks almost like this one. Play around... 

## import data from matlab-text-file and draw BM on the S^2

## (c) 2007 by Christan Bayer and Thomas Steiner

from Blender import Curve, Object, Scene, Window, BezTriple, Mesh, Material, Camera,
World
from math import *

##import der BM auf der Kugel aus einem csv-file
def importcurve(inpath="Z.csv"):
        infile = open(inpath,'r')
        lines = infile.readlines()
        vec=[]
        for i in lines:
                li=i.split(',')
                vec.append([float(li[0]),float(li[1]),float(li[2].strip())])
        infile.close()
        return(vec)

##function um aus einem vektor (mit den x,y,z Koordinaten) eine Kurve zu machen
def vec2Cur(curPts,name="BMonSphere"):
        bztr=[]
        bztr.append(BezTriple.New(curPts[0]))
        bztr[0].handleTypes=(BezTriple.HandleTypes.VECT,BezTriple.HandleTypes.VECT)
        cur=Curve.New(name) ##TODO wenn es das Objekt schon gibt, dann nicht neu erzeugen
        cur.appendNurb(bztr[0])
        for i in range(1,len(curPts)):
                bztr.append(BezTriple.New(curPts[i]))
                bztr[i].handleTypes=(BezTriple.HandleTypes.VECT,BezTriple.HandleTypes.VECT)
                cur[0].append(bztr[i])
        return( cur )

#erzeugt einen kreis, der später die BM umgibt (liegt in y-z-Ebene)
def circle(r,name="tubus"):
        bzcir=[]
        bzcir.append(BezTriple.New(0.,-r,-4./3.*r, 0.,-r,0., 0.,-r,4./3.*r))
        bzcir[0].handleTypes=(BezTriple.HandleTypes.FREE,BezTriple.HandleTypes.FREE)
        cur=Curve.New(name) ##TODO wenn es das Objekt schon gibt, dann nicht neu erzeugen
        cur.appendNurb(bzcir[0])
        #jetzt alle weietren pkte
        bzcir.append(BezTriple.New(0.,r,4./3.*r, 0.,r,0., 0.,r,-4./3.*r))
        bzcir[1].handleTypes=(BezTriple.HandleTypes.FREE,BezTriple.HandleTypes.FREE)
        cur[0].append(bzcir[1])
        bzcir.append(BezTriple.New(0.,-r,-4./3.*r, 0.,-r,0., 0.,-r,4./3.*r))
        bzcir[2].handleTypes=(BezTriple.HandleTypes.FREE,BezTriple.HandleTypes.FREE)
        cur[0].append(bzcir[2])
        return ( cur )

#erzeuge mit skript eine (glas)kugel (UVSphere)
def sphGlass(r=1.0,name="Glaskugel",n=40,smooth=0):
        glass=Mesh.New(name) ##TODO wenn es das Objekt schon gibt, dann nicht neu erzeugen
        for i in range(0,n):
                for j in range(0,n):
                        x=sin(j*pi*2.0/(n-1))*cos(-pi/2.0+i*pi/(n-1))*1.0*r
                        y=cos(j*pi*2.0/(n-1))*(cos(-pi/2.0+i*pi/(n-1)))*1.0*r
                        z=sin(-pi/2.0+i*pi/(n-1))*1.0*r
                        glass.verts.extend(x,y,z)
        for i in range(0,n-1): 
                for j in range(0,n-1):
                        glass.faces.extend([i*n+j,i*n+j+1,(i+1)*n+j+1,(i+1)*n+j])
                        glass.faces[i*(n-1)+j].smooth=1
        return( glass )

def torus(r=0.3,R=1.4): 
        krGro=circle(r=R,name="grTorusKreis")
        

#jetzt das material ändern
def verglasen(mesh):
        matGlass = Material.New("glas") ##TODO wenn es das Objekt schon gibt, dann nicht
neu erzeugen
        #matGlass.setSpecShader(0.6)
        matGlass.setHardness(30) #für spec: 30
        matGlass.setRayMirr(0.15)
        matGlass.setFresnelMirr(4.9)
        matGlass.setFresnelMirrFac(1.8)
        matGlass.setIOR(1.52)
        matGlass.setFresnelTrans(3.9)
        matGlass.setSpecTransp(2.7)
        #glass.materials.setSpecTransp(1.0)
        matGlass.rgbCol = [0.66, 0.81, 0.85]
        matGlass.mode |= Material.Modes.ZTRANSP
        matGlass.mode |= Material.Modes.RAYTRANSP
        #matGlass.mode |= Material.Modes.RAYMIRROR
        mesh.materials=[matGlass]
        return ( mesh )

def maleBM(mesh):
        matDraht = Material.New("roterDraht") ##TODO wenn es das Objekt schon gibt, dann
nicht neu erzeugen
        matDraht.rgbCol = [1.0, 0.1, 0.1]
        mesh.materials=[matDraht]
        return( mesh )

#eine solide Mesh-Ebene (Quader)
# auf der höhe ebh, dicke d, seitenlänge (quadratisch) 2*gr
def ebene(ebh=-2.5,d=0.1,gr=6.0,name="Schattenebene"):
        quader=Mesh.New(name) ##TODO wenn es das Objekt schon gibt, dann nicht neu erzeugen
        #obere ebene
        quader.verts.extend(gr,gr,ebh)
        quader.verts.extend(-gr,gr,ebh)
        quader.verts.extend(-gr,-gr,ebh)
        quader.verts.extend(gr,-gr,ebh)
        #untere ebene
        quader.verts.extend(gr,gr,ebh-d)
        quader.verts.extend(-gr,gr,ebh-d)
        quader.verts.extend(-gr,-gr,ebh-d)
        quader.verts.extend(gr,-gr,ebh-d)
        quader.faces.extend([0,1,2,3])
        quader.faces.extend([0,4,5,1])
        quader.faces.extend([1,5,6,2])
        quader.faces.extend([2,6,7,3])
        quader.faces.extend([3,7,4,0])
        quader.faces.extend([4,7,6,5])
        #die ebene einfärben
        matEb = Material.New("ebenen_material") ##TODO wenn es das Objekt schon gibt, dann
nicht neu erzeugen
        matEb.rgbCol = [0.53, 0.51, 0.31]
        matEb.mode |= Material.Modes.TRANSPSHADOW
        matEb.mode |= Material.Modes.ZTRANSP
        quader.materials=[matEb]
        return (quader)

###################
#### main-teil ####

# wechsel in den edit-mode
editmode = Window.EditMode()
if editmode: Window.EditMode(0)

dataBMS=importcurve("C:/Dokumente und Einstellungen/thire/Desktop/bmsphere/Z.csv")
#dataBMS=importcurve("H:\MyDocs\sphere\Z.csv")
BMScur=vec2Cur(dataBMS,"BMname")
#dataStereo=importcurve("H:\MyDocs\sphere\stZ.csv")
#stereoCur=vec2Cur(dataStereo,"SterName")

cir=circle(r=0.01)

glass=sphGlass()
glass=verglasen(glass)
ebe=ebene()

#jetzt alles hinzufügen
scn=Scene.GetCurrent()
obBMScur=scn.objects.new(BMScur,"BMonSphere")
obcir=scn.objects.new(cir,"round")
obgla=scn.objects.new(glass,"Glaskugel")
obebe=scn.objects.new(ebe,"Ebene")
#obStereo=scn.objects.new(stereoCur,"StereoCurObj")

BMScur.setBevOb(obcir)
BMScur.update()
BMScur=maleBM(BMScur)

#stereoCur.setBevOb(obcir)
#stereoCur.update()

cam = Object.Get("Camera") 
#cam.setLocation(-5., 5.5, 2.9) 
#cam.setEuler(62.0,-1.,222.6)
#alternativ, besser??
cam.setLocation(-3.3, 8.4, 1.7) 
cam.setEuler(74,0,200)

world=World.GetCurrent()
world.setZen([0.81,0.82,0.61])
world.setHor([0.77,0.85,0.66])

if editmode: Window.EditMode(1)  # optional, zurück n den letzten modus

        
#ergebnis von
#set.seed(24112000)
#sbm=euler(c(0,0,-1),T=1.5,n=5000)
#euler.write(sbm)

Captions

Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents
Brownian Motion on a Sphere, as a process generated by the Laplace-Beltrami-Operator

Items portrayed in this file

depicts

media type

image/jpeg

checksum

f51c8d9194ca77a5c2a7d77d21c292e592d5c6c5

determination method: SHA-1

data size

10,693 byte

height

356 pixel

width

365 pixel

File history

Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.

Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current01:23, 23 December 2013Thumbnail for version as of 01:23, 23 December 2013365 × 356 (10 KB)wikimediacommons>Olli NiemitaloCropped (in a JPEG-lossless way)
Retrieved from ‘https://www.vigyanwiki.in/wiki/File:BMonSphere.jpg’