View source for सामाजिक नेटवर्क विश्लेषण सॉफ्टवेयर

{{short description|Software which facilitates quantitative or qualitative analysis of social networks}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
सोशल नेटवर्क विश्लेषण (एसएनए) [[ सॉफ़्टवेयर ]] वह सॉफ्टवेयर है जो संख्यात्मक या [[ग्राफ़ आरेखण]] के माध्यम से नेटवर्क की विशेषताओं का वर्णन करके व्यवहार के मात्रात्मक विश्लेषण या गुणात्मक अनुसंधान सोशल नेटवर्क विश्लेषण की सुविधा प्रदान करता है।

==अवलोकन==
नेटवर्क में परिवार से लेकर कुछ भी शामिल हो सकता है,<ref name=padgett1993>{{cite journal | last1=Padgett | first1=John F. | last2=Ansell | first2=Christopher K. | title=Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434 | journal=[[American Journal of Sociology]]| publisher=University of Chicago Press | volume=98 | issue=6 | year=1993 | issn=0002-9602 | doi=10.1086/230190 | pages=1259–1319 | s2cid=56166159 | url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3d48/8cf5644f42b3c321d4c3c4e02881956c4f57.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303131647/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3d48/8cf5644f42b3c321d4c3c4e02881956c4f57.pdf | archive-date=2020-03-03 }}</ref> [[परियोजना टीम]]ें, [[कक्षा]]एँ, खेल टीमें, विधायिकाएँ, राष्ट्र राज्य|राष्ट्र-राज्य, [[रोग वाहक]], ट्विटर या फेसबुक जैसी [[सोशल नेटवर्किंग सेवा]] या यहाँ तक कि इंटरनेट पर सदस्यता। नेटवर्क में नोड्स के बीच प्रत्यक्ष संबंध या साझा विशेषताओं, घटनाओं में साझा उपस्थिति या सामान्य संबद्धता के आधार पर अप्रत्यक्ष संबंध शामिल हो सकते हैं।<ref>Wasserman & Faust, Social Network Analysis Methods and Applications</ref> नेटवर्क सुविधाएँ व्यक्तिगत [[नोड (ग्राफ सिद्धांत)]], [[डायड (समाजशास्त्र)]], [[ त्रय (संबंध) ]], टाई और/या किनारों, या संपूर्ण नेटवर्क के स्तर पर हो सकती हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, नोड-स्तरीय सुविधाओं में नेटवर्क घटनाएँ शामिल हो सकती हैं जैसे कि बीच की केंद्रीयता और केंद्रीयता, या व्यक्तिगत विशेषताएँ जैसे कि उम्र, लिंग या आय।<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Hanneman |url=http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/nettext/ |title=Introduction to Social Network Methods: Table of Contents |publisher=Faculty.ucr.edu |date=1998-10-20 |access-date=2012-10-24}}</ref> एसएनए सॉफ़्टवेयर इन सुविधाओं को एजलिस्ट, आसन्न सूची, या आसन्न मैट्रिक्स (जिसे सोशियोमैट्रिक्स भी कहा जाता है) में स्वरूपित कच्चे नेटवर्क डेटा से उत्पन्न करता है, जिसे अक्सर (व्यक्तिगत/नोड-स्तर) विशेषता डेटा के साथ जोड़ा जाता है।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/nettext/C1_Social_Network_Data.html |title=Introduction to Social Network Methods: Chapter 1: Social Network Data |publisher=Faculty.ucr.edu |access-date=2012-10-24}}</ref> हालाँकि अधिकांश नेटवर्क विश्लेषण सॉफ़्टवेयर सादे पाठ ASCII डेटा प्रारूप का उपयोग करते हैं, कुछ सॉफ़्टवेयर पैकेजों में नेटवर्क सुविधाओं को आयात और/या संग्रहीत करने के लिए संबंधपरक डेटाबेस का उपयोग करने की क्षमता होती है।

== विशेषताएँ ==
नेटवर्क डेटा को समझने और विश्लेषण के परिणाम बताने के लिए [[सामाजिक नेटवर्क]] का दृश्य प्रतिनिधित्व महत्वपूर्ण है।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmu.edu/joss/content/articles/volume1/Freeman.html|title=JoSS: Journal of Social Structure|publisher=Cmu.edu|access-date=2012-10-24}}</ref> विज़ुअलाइज़ेशन अक्सर नेटवर्क डेटा की गुणात्मक व्याख्या की सुविधा भी देता है। विज़ुअलाइज़ेशन के संबंध में, नेटवर्क विश्लेषण उपकरण का उपयोग नेटवर्क प्रतिनिधित्व के लेआउट, रंग, आकार और अन्य गुणों को बदलने के लिए किया जाता है।

कुछ SNA सॉफ़्टवेयर पूर्वानुमानित विश्लेषण कर सकते हैं।<ref>"Only connect: Felix Grant looks at the application of data analysis software to social networks", ''Scientific Computing World'' June 2010: pp 9–10.[http://www.scientific-computing.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=277]</ref> इसमें व्यक्तिगत स्तर के परिणामों की भविष्यवाणी करने के लिए एक टाई जैसी नेटवर्क घटना का उपयोग करना शामिल है (जिसे अक्सर सहकर्मी प्रभाव या छूत मॉडलिंग कहा जाता है), नेटवर्क परिणामों की भविष्यवाणी करने के लिए व्यक्तिगत स्तर की घटना का उपयोग करना जैसे कि एक टाई/एज का गठन (जिसे अक्सर होमोफिली मॉडल कहा जाता है) शामिल है<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.analytictech.com/mgt780/topics/homophily.htm |title=समलैंगिकता|publisher=Analytictech.com |access-date=2012-10-24}}</ref>) या विशेष प्रकार के त्रय, या अन्य नेटवर्क परिघटनाओं की भविष्यवाणी करने के लिए नेटवर्क परिघटना का उपयोग करना, जैसे समय 1 पर टाई गठन की भविष्यवाणी करने के लिए समय 0 पर त्रय गठन का उपयोग करना।

==सामाजिक नेटवर्क विश्लेषण उपकरण और पुस्तकालयों का संग्रह==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: left; width: auto;"
|+
|- valign="top"
! style="width:12em" | Product
! Main Functionality
! Input Format
! Output Format
! Platform
! License and cost
! Notes

|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[AllegroGraph]]
|Graph Database.  [[RDF schema|RDF]] with Gruff visualization tool
|[[RDF schema|RDF]]
|RDF
|Linux, Mac, Windows
|Free and Commercial
|AllegroGraph is a graph database. It is disk-based, fully transactional OLTP database that stores data structured in graphs rather than in tables.   AllegroGraph includes a Social Networking Analytics library.

|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[Gephi]]
|Graph exploration and manipulation software
|[[GraphViz]](.dot), Graphlet(.gml), GUESS(.gdf), LEDA(.gml), NetworkX(.graphml, .net), [[NodeXL]](.graphml, .net), [[Pajek]](.net, .gml), Sonivis(.graphml), Tulip(.tlp, .dot), [[UCINET]](.dl), [[yEd]](.gml), Gephi (.gexf), Edge list(.csv), databases
|GUESS(.gdf), Gephi(.gexf), .svg, .png
|Any system supporting Java 1.6 and OpenGL
|[[Open Source]] ([[GPL3]]), seeking contributors
|Gephi<ref>Bastian, M., Heymann, S., & Jacomy, M. (2009, May). Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. In ICWSM (pp. 361-362).</ref> is an interactive visualization and exploration platform for all kinds of networks and complex systems, dynamic and hierarchical graphs. It is a tool for people that have to explore and understand graphs. The user interacts with the representation, manipulate the structures, shapes and colors to reveal hidden properties. It uses a 3D render engine to display large networks in real-time and to speed up the exploration. A flexible and multi-task architecture brings new possibilities to work with complex data sets and produce valuable visual results.
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[GraphStream]]
|Dynamic Graph Library
|GraphStream(.dgs), GraphViz(.dot), Graphlet(.gml), edge list
|GraphStream(.dgs), GraphViz(.dot), Graphlet(.gml), image sequence
|Any system supporting Java
|Open Source
|With [[GraphStream]] you deal with graphs. Static and Dynamic.
You create them from scratch, from a file or any source.
You display and render them.
|- valign="top"
! {{rh }} class="table-rh" | [[Graph-tool]]
| Python module for efficient analysis and visualization of graphs.
|GraphViz(.dot), [[GraphML]]
|GraphViz(.dot), [[GraphML]] and multiple image formats.
|Linux, Mac
|Free Software (GPL3)
|[[Graph-tool]] is a python module for efficient analysis of graphs. Its core data structures and algorithms are implemented in C++, with heavy use of [[Template metaprogramming]], based on the [[Boost Graph Library]]. It contains a comprehensive list of algorithms.
|- valign="top"
! {{rh }} class="table-rh" | [[Graphviz]]
|Graph visualization software
|GraphViz(.dot)
|Multiple image formats. 
|Linux, Mac, Windows
|Open Source (CPL)
|Graphviz is open source graph visualization framework. It has several main graph layout programs suitable for social network visualization.

|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[igraph]]
|Efficiently create, manipulate, analyze, and plot [[Graph theory|graphs]] in [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[R (programming language)|R]] or [[Mathematica]]. 
|[[GraphML]], LEDA (.gml), and more
|[[GraphML]], LEDA (.gml), GraphViz (.dot), and multiple image formats
|Linux, Mac, Windows
|[[Open Source]] ([[GPL2]])
|igraph is a library collection for creating and manipulating [[Graph theory|graphs]] and [[Complex network|analyzing networks]]. It is written in [[C (programming language)|C]] and also exists as [[Python (programming language)|Python]] and [[R (programming language)|R]] packages; an interface for [[Mathematica]] is also provided.

|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[InfiniteGraph]]
|Highly scalable, distributed [[Graph Database]]. 
|SNAP, Gremlin, formatted text files for high speed, parallel loading
|Gremlin, plus user definable
|Linux, Mac, Windows
|Commercial
|InfiniteGraph is a distributed graph database that can exploit mixed disk, SSD and in-memory algorithms. It is built on a specialized distributed database engine that is optimized for storing objects with large numbers of connections. It supports parallel queries, path definition and link hunting. There is a sample Social Networking Analytics application.

|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[JUNG|Java Universal Network/Graph (JUNG) Framework]]
| network and graph manipulation, analysis, and visualization
| built-in support for GraphML, Pajek, and some text formats; user can create parsers for any desired format
| built-in support for GraphML, Pajek, and some text formats; user can create exporters for any desired format
| Any platform supporting Java
| Open source (BSD license)
| JUNG is a Java API and library that provides a common and extensible language for the modeling, analysis, and visualization of relational data.  It supports a variety of graph types (including hypergraphs), supports graph elements of any type and with any properties, enables customizable visualizations, and includes algorithms from graph theory, data mining, and social network analysis (e.g., clustering, decomposition, optimization, random graph generation, statistical analysis, distances, flows, and centrality (PageRank, HITS, etc.)).  It is limited only by the amount of memory allocated to Java.

|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[Mathematica]]
|Graph analysis, statistics, data visualization, optimization, image recognition.
|CSV, DOT, GraphML, JSON, Pajek, XLS and multiple other non-network formats. 
|CSV, DOT, GraphML, JSON, Pajek, XLS and multiple other non-network formats. 
|Windows, Macintosh, Linux
|Commercial
|[[Mathematica]] is a general purpose computation and analysis environment.

|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[NodeXL|Network Overview Discovery Exploration for Excel (NodeXL)]]
|Network overview, discovery and exploration
|email, .csv (text), .txt, .xls (Excel), .xslt (Excel 2007, 2010, 2013), .net (Pajek), .dl (UCINet), GraphML
|.csv (text), .txt, .xls (Excel), .xslt (Excel 2007), .dl (UCINet), GraphML
|Windows XP/Vista/7
|Free (Ms-PL)
|NodeXL is a free and open Excel 2007, 2010, 2013 Add-in and C#/.Net library for network analysis and visualization.  It integrates into Excel 2007, 2010, 2013 and adds directed graph as a chart type to the spreadsheet and calculates a core set of network metrics and scores. Supports extracting email, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, WWW, Wiki and flickr social networks.  Accepts edge lists and matrix representations of graphs.  Allows for easy and automated manipulation and filtering of underlying data in spreadsheet format.  Multiple network visualization layouts.  Reads and writes Pajek, UCINet and GraphML files.
|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[NetMiner]] 4
|All-in-one Software for Network Analysis and Visualization
|.xls(Excel),.xlsx (Excel 2007), .csv(text), .dl(UCINET), .net(Pajek), .dat(StOCNET), .gml; NMF(proprietary)
|.xls(Excel),.xlsx (Excel 2007), .csv(text), .dl(UCINET), .net(Pajek), .dat(StOCNET), NMF(proprietary)
|Microsoft Windows
|Free(Coursework)
and Commercial 
|NetMiner is a software tool for exploratory analysis and visualization of large network data. NetMiner 4 embed internal Python-based script engine which equipped with the automatic Script Generator for unskilled users. Then the users can operate NetMiner 4 with existing GUI or programmable script language.
* Analysis of large networks(+10,000,000 nodes), comprehensive network measures and models
* Both exploratory & confirmatory analysis
* Interactive visual analytics
* What-if network analysis
* Built-in statistical procedures and charts
* Full documentation(1,000+ pages of User's Manual)
* Expressive network data model
* Facilities for data & workflow management
* Python-based Script workbench and user-friendliness
* Morphological Analyzer for Semantic network analysis
|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[NetworkX]]
| Python package for the creation, manipulation, and study of the structure, dynamics, and functions of complex networks.
| [[Graph Modelling Language|GML]], Graph6/Sparse6, GraphML, GraphViz (.dot), NetworkX (.yaml, adjacency lists, and edge lists), Pajek (.net), LEDA
| GML, Gnome Dia, Graph6/Sparse6, GraphML, GraphViz (.dot), NetworkX (.yaml, adjacency lists, and edge lists), Pajek (.net), and assorted image formats (.jpg, .png, .ps, .svg, et al.)
| Open source (GPL and similar)
| Free
| NetworkX (NX) is a toolset for graph creation, manipulation, analysis, and visualization.  User interface is through scripting/command-line provided by Python. NX includes several algorithms, metrics and graph generators.  Visualization is provided through pylab and graphviz.
NX is an open-source project, in active development since 2004 with an open bug-tracking site, and user forums.
Development is sponsored by Los Alamos National Lab.
|-
 
|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[R (programming language)|R]]
| Social network analysis within the versatile and popular R environment
| R will read in almost any format data file
| R has write capability for most data formats
| Windows, Linux, Mac
| Open source
| R contains several packages relevant for social network analysis: 
* ''igraph'' is a generic network analysis package; 
* ''sna'' performs sociometric analysis of networks;
* ''network'' manipulates and displays network objects;
* ''PAFit'' can analyse the evolution of complex networks by estimating preferential attachment and node fitness;
* ''tnet'' performs analysis of weighted networks, two-mode networks, and longitudinal networks;
* ''ergm'' is a set of tools to analyze and simulate networks based on exponential random graph models exponential random graph models;
* ''Bergm'' provides tools for Bayesian analysis for exponential random graph models;
* ''hergm'' implements hierarchical exponential random graph models;
* ''RSiena'' allows the analyses of the evolution of social networks using dynamic actor-oriented models;
* ''latentnet'' has functions for network latent position and cluster models;
* ''degreenet'' provides tools for statistical modeling of network degree distributions;
* ''networksis'' provides tools for simulating bipartite networks with fixed marginals; 
* ''multiplex'' offers tools for the analysis of multiple social networks with algebra; 
* ''migraph'' provides tools for analysing multimodal and multilevel networks;
* ''netdiffuseR'' was designed for the analysis of network diffusion of innovations (and diffusion in general);
* ''bipartite'' provides functions to visualise and calculate indices used to describe bipartite graphs. It focuses on webs, i.e., ecological networks.

|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[Tulip (software)|Tulip]]
| Social Network Analysis tool
| Tulip format (.tlp), GraphViz (.dot), GML, txt, [[adjacency matrix]]
| .tlp, .gml
| Windows Vista, XP, 7/ Linux / Mac OS
| LGPL
| Tulip is an information visualization framework dedicated to the analysis and visualization of relational data. Tulip aims to provide the developer with a complete library, supporting the design of interactive information visualization applications for relational data that can be tailored to the problems he or she is addressing.

|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[UNISoN (Social Network Analysis Tool)]]
| Download usenet messages and save SNA output files
| Reads from free NNTP servers
| Creates CSV files and Pajek .net files
| Any system supporting Java
| Open Source
| A java application that can download Usenet messages from free NNTP servers, show the saved messages, then allow filtering of data to save to a Pajek network file or CSV file.  It creates networks using the author of each post. If someone replies to a post, there is a unidirectional link created from the author of the post to the author of the message they are replying to. There is also a preview panel that shows the network visually.
|- valign="top"
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" | [[Wolfram Alpha]]
|[[Graph analysis]], [[time series analysis]], [[categorical data analysis]]
|Facebook API
|Many formats
|Web service
|Free
| [[Wolfram Alpha]] is a general computational knowledge engine answering queries on many knowledge domains. Give it the input "Facebook report" and it will answer queries on analysis of your social network data,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19699776 Facebook friends mapped by Wolfram Alpha app] BBC News</ref><ref>[https://techcrunch.com/2012/08/30/wolfram-alpha-launches-personal-analytics-reports-for-facebook/ Wolfram Alpha Launches Personal Analytics Reports For Facebook] Tech Crunch</ref>
|}


==यह भी देखें==
* अनुसंधान नेटवर्किंग टूल और अनुसंधान प्रोफाइलिंग सिस्टम की तुलना
* सामाजिक नेटवर्क
* सामाजिक नेटवर्क विश्लेषण
* [[सामाजिक नेटवर्किंग]]
* [[संगठनात्मक नेटवर्क विश्लेषण]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}




===टिप्पणियाँ===
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{{Refend}}


==बाहरी संबंध==
*[[International Network for Social Network Analysis]] (INSNA) list of software packages and libraries: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130094545/http://insna.org/software/software_old.html Computer Programs for Social Network Analysis] page.
* 2010 : A comparative study of social network analysis tools by Combe, Largeron, Egyed-Zsigmond and Géry: [http://wic.litislab.fr/2010/slides/Combe_WIVE10_slides.pdf]

{{Social networking}}
{{Online social networking}}

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