रेडियोमेट्री
विकिरणमिति दृश्य प्रकाश सहित विद्युत चुम्बकीय विकिरण को मापने के लिए विधियों का समुच्चय है। प्रकाशिकी में विकिरणमापी विधि अंतरिक्ष में विकिरण की शक्ति (भौतिकी) के वितरण की विशेषता है, जो कि प्रकाशमिति (प्रकाशिकी) विधियों के विपरीत है, जो मानव आँख के साथ प्रकाश की बातचीत की विशेषता है। विकिरणमिति और प्रकाशमिति के बीच मूलभूत अंतर यह है कि विकिरणमिति संपूर्ण प्रकाशीय विकिरण वर्णक्रम देती है, जबकि प्रकाशमिति दृश्यमान वर्णक्रम तक सीमित होती है। विकिरणमिति परिमाण प्रकाशिकी विधियों जैसे फोटॉन की गणना से अलग है।
विकिरण प्रवाह को मापने के द्वारा वस्तुओं और गैसों के तापमान को निर्धारित करने के लिए विकिरणमापी का उपयोग पायरोमेट्री कहलाता है। हैंडहेल्ड पाइरोमीटर उपकरणों का अधिकांशतः अवरक्त थर्मामीटर के रूप में विपणन किया जाता है।
विकिरणमिति खगोल विज्ञान, विशेष रूप से रेडियो खगोल विज्ञान में महत्वपूर्ण है, और पृथ्वी की सुदूर संवेदन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। प्रकाशिकी में विकिरणमिति के रूप में वर्गीकृत माप विधियों को कुछ खगोलीय अनुप्रयोगों में प्रकाशमिति (खगोल विज्ञान) | प्रकाशमिति कहा जाता है, जो प्रकाशिकी शब्द के उपयोग के विपरीत है।
स्पेक्ट्रो विकिरणमिति तरंग दैर्ध्य के संकीर्ण बैंड में पूर्ण विकिरणमापी मात्रा का माप है। [1]
विकिरणमापी मात्राएँ
Quantity | Unit | Dimension | Notes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Symbol[nb 1] | Name | Symbol | Symbol | ||||
Radiant energy | Qe[nb 2] | joule | J | M⋅L2⋅T−2 | Energy of electromagnetic radiation. | |||
Radiant energy density | we | joule per cubic metre | J/m3 | M⋅L−1⋅T−2 | Radiant energy per unit volume. | |||
Radiant flux | Φe[nb 2] | watt | W = J/s | M⋅L2⋅T−3 | Radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time. This is sometimes also called "radiant power", and called luminosity in Astronomy. | |||
Spectral flux | Φe,ν[nb 3] | watt per hertz | W/Hz | M⋅L2⋅T−2 | Radiant flux per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅nm−1. | |||
Φe,λ[nb 4] | watt per metre | W/m | M⋅L⋅T−3 | |||||
Radiant intensity | Ie,Ω[nb 5] | watt per steradian | W/sr | M⋅L2⋅T−3 | Radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit solid angle. This is a directional quantity. | |||
Spectral intensity | Ie,Ω,ν[nb 3] | watt per steradian per hertz | W⋅sr−1⋅Hz−1 | M⋅L2⋅T−2 | Radiant intensity per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅sr−1⋅nm−1. This is a directional quantity. | |||
Ie,Ω,λ[nb 4] | watt per steradian per metre | W⋅sr−1⋅m−1 | M⋅L⋅T−3 | |||||
Radiance | Le,Ω[nb 5] | watt per steradian per square metre | W⋅sr−1⋅m−2 | M⋅T−3 | Radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received by a surface, per unit solid angle per unit projected area. This is a directional quantity. This is sometimes also confusingly called "intensity". | |||
Spectral radiance Specific intensity |
Le,Ω,ν[nb 3] | watt per steradian per square metre per hertz | W⋅sr−1⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 | M⋅T−2 | Radiance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅sr−1⋅m−2⋅nm−1. This is a directional quantity. This is sometimes also confusingly called "spectral intensity". | |||
Le,Ω,λ[nb 4] | watt per steradian per square metre, per metre | W⋅sr−1⋅m−3 | M⋅L−1⋅T−3 | |||||
Irradiance Flux density |
Ee[nb 2] | watt per square metre | W/m2 | M⋅T−3 | Radiant flux received by a surface per unit area. This is sometimes also confusingly called "intensity". | |||
Spectral irradiance Spectral flux density |
Ee,ν[nb 3] | watt per square metre per hertz | W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 | M⋅T−2 | Irradiance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength. This is sometimes also confusingly called "spectral intensity". Non-SI units of spectral flux density include jansky (1 Jy = 10−26 W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1) and solar flux unit (1 sfu = 10−22 W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 = 104 Jy). | |||
Ee,λ[nb 4] | watt per square metre, per metre | W/m3 | M⋅L−1⋅T−3 | |||||
Radiosity | Je[nb 2] | watt per square metre | W/m2 | M⋅T−3 | Radiant flux leaving (emitted, reflected and transmitted by) a surface per unit area. This is sometimes also confusingly called "intensity". | |||
Spectral radiosity | Je,ν[nb 3] | watt per square metre per hertz | W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 | M⋅T−2 | Radiosity of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅m−2⋅nm−1. This is sometimes also confusingly called "spectral intensity". | |||
Je,λ[nb 4] | watt per square metre, per metre | W/m3 | M⋅L−1⋅T−3 | |||||
Radiant exitance | Me[nb 2] | watt per square metre | W/m2 | M⋅T−3 | Radiant flux emitted by a surface per unit area. This is the emitted component of radiosity. "Radiant emittance" is an old term for this quantity. This is sometimes also confusingly called "intensity". | |||
Spectral exitance | Me,ν[nb 3] | watt per square metre per hertz | W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 | M⋅T−2 | Radiant exitance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅m−2⋅nm−1. "Spectral emittance" is an old term for this quantity. This is sometimes also confusingly called "spectral intensity". | |||
Me,λ[nb 4] | watt per square metre, per metre | W/m3 | M⋅L−1⋅T−3 | |||||
Radiant exposure | He | joule per square metre | J/m2 | M⋅T−2 | Radiant energy received by a surface per unit area, or equivalently irradiance of a surface integrated over time of irradiation. This is sometimes also called "radiant fluence". | |||
Spectral exposure | He,ν[nb 3] | joule per square metre per hertz | J⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 | M⋅T−1 | Radiant exposure of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in J⋅m−2⋅nm−1. This is sometimes also called "spectral fluence". | |||
He,λ[nb 4] | joule per square metre, per metre | J/m3 | M⋅L−1⋅T−2 | |||||
See also: SI · Radiometry · Photometry |
- ↑ Standards organizations recommend that radiometric quantities should be denoted with suffix "e" (for "energetic") to avoid confusion with photometric or photon quantities.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Alternative symbols sometimes seen: W or E for radiant energy, P or F for radiant flux, I for irradiance, W for radiant exitance.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Spectral quantities given per unit frequency are denoted with suffix "ν" (Greek letter nu, not to be confused with a letter "v", indicating a photometric quantity.)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Spectral quantities given per unit wavelength are denoted with suffix "λ".
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Directional quantities are denoted with suffix "Ω".
Quantity | SI units | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
Name | Sym. | ||
Hemispherical emissivity | ε | — | Radiant exitance of a surface, divided by that of a black body at the same temperature as that surface. |
Spectral hemispherical emissivity | εν or ελ |
— | Spectral exitance of a surface, divided by that of a black body at the same temperature as that surface. |
Directional emissivity | εΩ | — | Radiance emitted by a surface, divided by that emitted by a black body at the same temperature as that surface. |
Spectral directional emissivity | εΩ,ν or εΩ,λ |
— | Spectral radiance emitted by a surface, divided by that of a black body at the same temperature as that surface. |
Hemispherical absorptance | A | — | Radiant flux absorbed by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. This should not be confused with "absorbance". |
Spectral hemispherical absorptance | Aν or Aλ |
— | Spectral flux absorbed by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. This should not be confused with "spectral absorbance". |
Directional absorptance | AΩ | — | Radiance absorbed by a surface, divided by the radiance incident onto that surface. This should not be confused with "absorbance". |
Spectral directional absorptance | AΩ,ν or AΩ,λ |
— | Spectral radiance absorbed by a surface, divided by the spectral radiance incident onto that surface. This should not be confused with "spectral absorbance". |
Hemispherical reflectance | R | — | Radiant flux reflected by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. |
Spectral hemispherical reflectance | Rν or Rλ |
— | Spectral flux reflected by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. |
Directional reflectance | RΩ | — | Radiance reflected by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. |
Spectral directional reflectance | RΩ,ν or RΩ,λ |
— | Spectral radiance reflected by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. |
Hemispherical transmittance | T | — | Radiant flux transmitted by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. |
Spectral hemispherical transmittance | Tν or Tλ |
— | Spectral flux transmitted by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. |
Directional transmittance | TΩ | — | Radiance transmitted by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. |
Spectral directional transmittance | TΩ,ν or TΩ,λ |
— | Spectral radiance transmitted by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. |
Hemispherical attenuation coefficient | μ | m−1 | Radiant flux absorbed and scattered by a volume per unit length, divided by that received by that volume. |
Spectral hemispherical attenuation coefficient | μν or μλ |
m−1 | Spectral radiant flux absorbed and scattered by a volume per unit length, divided by that received by that volume. |
Directional attenuation coefficient | μΩ | m−1 | Radiance absorbed and scattered by a volume per unit length, divided by that received by that volume. |
Spectral directional attenuation coefficient | μΩ,ν or μΩ,λ |
m−1 | Spectral radiance absorbed and scattered by a volume per unit length, divided by that received by that volume. |
अविभाज्य और वर्णक्रमीय विकिरणमापी मात्रा
अभिन्न मात्राएँ (जैसे विकिरण प्रवाह) सभी तरंग दैर्ध्य या आवृत्ति के विकिरण के कुल प्रभाव का वर्णन करती हैं, जबकि विद्युत चुम्बकीय वर्णक्रम मात्राएँ (जैसे वर्णक्रमीय शक्ति) एकल तरंग दैर्ध्य λ या आवृत्ति ν के विकिरण के प्रभाव का वर्णन करती हैं।. प्रत्येक अभिन्न मात्रा के लिए संबंधित वर्णक्रमीय मात्राएँ होती हैं, उदाहरण के लिए दीप्तिमान प्रवाह Φe वर्णक्रमीय शक्ति Φe,λ और Φe,ν से मेल खाती है
एक अभिन्न मात्रा के वर्णक्रमीय समकक्ष को प्राप्त करने के लिए एक सीमा (गणित) की आवश्यकता होती है। यह इस विचार से आता है कि स्पष्ट रूप से अनुरोधित तरंग दैर्ध्य फोटॉन के अस्तित्व की संभावना शून्य है। आइए उदाहरण के रूप में दीप्तिमान प्रवाह का उपयोग करते हुए उनके बीच संबंध दिखाएं:
अविभाज्य फ्लक्स, जिसका मात्रक वाट है:
तरंग दैर्ध्य क्षैतिज अक्ष वाले प्लॉट के नीचे का कुल दीप्तिमान क्षेत्र फ्लक्स के सामान होता है।
आवृत्ति द्वारा वर्णक्रमीय फ्लक्स,W/Hz जिसका मात्रक है :
आवृत्ति क्षैतिज अक्ष के साथ एक भूखंड के नीचे का क्षेत्र कुल उज्ज्वल प्रवाह के सामान होता है।
तरंग दैर्ध्य λ और आवृत्ति ν द्वारा वर्णक्रमीय मात्रा एक दूसरे से संबंधित हैं, क्योंकि दो चरों का गुणनफल प्रकाश की गति है ():
- या या
वर्णक्रमीय मात्रा के एकीकरण द्वारा अभिन्न मात्रा प्राप्त की जा सकती है:
यह भी देखें
- चिंतनशीलता
- माइक्रो तंरग विकिरणमापी
- आयनीकरण विकिरण माप
- विकिरणमापी अंशांकन
- विकिरणमापी संकल्प
संदर्भ
- ↑ Leslie D. Stroebel & Richard D. Zakia (1993). फोटोग्राफी का फोकल एनसाइक्लोपीडिया (3rd ed.). Focal Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-240-51417-3.
spectroradiometry फोटोग्राफी का फोकल एनसाइक्लोपीडिया.
बाहरी संबंध
- Radiometry and photometry FAQ Professor Jim Palmer's Radiometry FAQ page (The University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences).